Spark
Loading...

Probe-Data Reading

You're welcome to download, read, share, and even reuse it under the CC by-sa license. If it helps you, please consider citing it where you use it – that makes a big difference. If you can afford it, buying the paid pdf or printed edition supports the project and keeps it sustainable. (Right now, about 1 in 400 readers do – thank you if you're one of them ) Enjoy the book – it was a joy to write and share by Olivier Cleynen ISBN: 9781446710067 First edition in English (June 2025), Olivier Cleynen / thermodynamicsbook com Translated from the third edition of the French original [51] Copyright 2015, 2018, 2021, 2025 Olivier Cleynen Engineering Thermodynamics is released under a Creative Commons license: c b a Attribution – Share-Alike 4 0.

Figures (10)

Graph of Boyle's original data[4] showing the hyperbolic curve of the relationship between pressure (P) and volume (V) of the form P = k/V
Relationships between Boyle's, Charles's, Gay-Lussac's, Avogadro's, combined and ideal gas laws, with the Boltzmann constant k = .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center;margin-left:.1em;margin-right:.1em}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}⁠R/NA⁠ = ⁠n R/N⁠ (in each law, properties circled are variable and properties not circled are held constant)
An animation showing the relationship between pressure and volume when mass and temperature are held constant
Figure 9.2 The atmosphere above us exerts a large pressure on objects at the surface of the earth, roughly equal to the weight of a bowling ball pressing on an area the size of a human thumbnail.
Figure 9.3 Although (a) an elephant’s weight is large, creating a very large force on the ground, (b) the figure skater exerts a much higher pressure on the ice due to the small surface area of the skates. (credit a: modification of work by Guido da Rozze; credit b: modification of work by Ryosuke Yagi)
Figure 9.4 In a barometer, the height, h, of the column of liquid is used as a measurement of the air pressure. Using very dense liquid mercury (left) permits the construction of reasonably sized barometers, whereas using water (right) would require a barometer more than 30 feet tall.
Figure 9.5 A manometer can be used to measure the pressure of a gas. The (difference in) height between the liquid levels (h) is a measure of the pressure. Mercury is usually used because of its large density.
A diagram of a closed-end manometer is shown. To the upper left is a spherical container labeled, “gas.” This container is connected by a valve to a U-shaped tube which is labeled “closed end” at the upper right end. The container and a portion of tube that follows are shaded pink. The lower portion of the U-shaped tube is shaded grey with the height of the gray region being greater on the right side than on the left. The difference in height between the left side and right side is 26.4 c m which is indicated with horizontal line segments and arrows.
A diagram of a closed-end manometer is shown. To the upper left is a spherical container labeled, “gas.” This container is connected by a valve to a U-shaped tube which is labeled “closed end” at the upper right end. The container and a portion of tube that follows are shaded pink. The lower portion of the U-shaped tube is shaded grey with the height of the gray region being greater on the right side than on the left. The difference in height of 6.0 i n is indicated with horizontal line segments and arrows.
A diagram of an opne-end manometer is shown. To the upper left is a spherical container labeled, “gas.” This container is connected by a valve to a U-shaped tube which is labeled “open end” at the upper right end. The container and a portion of tube that follows are shaded pink. The lower portion of the U-shaped tube is shaded grey with the height of the gray region being greater on the right side than on the left. The difference in height of 13.7 c m is indicated with horizontal line segments and arrows.

Key Points

  • The partial pressure of a substance in a real gas mixture is in general different from the pressure of the pure substance at the same T and V , because the intermolecular interactions are different.
  • If there is a liquid junction between electrolyte solutions of different composition, slow diffusion of ions through the junction is inevitable.
  • In conclusion, if the Kelvin–Planck statement is correct, then the Clausius statement must also be correct.
  • The process can be drawn qualitatively on a pressure-volume diagram as follows: The work is zero, of course.

Terms

Tap a term for a plain-language explanation.

Sources & licensing(4)