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Tissue Systems and Organ Anatomy (Root, Stem, Leaf)

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Figures (10)

Comparison of alphanumeric notation, Palmer notation, ISO 3950 (FDI) notation, Universal Numbering System, and paleoanthropology notation
The tooth is attached to the surrounding gingival tissue and alveolar bone (C) by fibrous attachments. The gingival fibers (H) run from the cementum (B) into the gingiva immediately apical to the junctional epithelial attachment and the periodontal ligament fibers (I), (J) and (K) run from the cementum into the adjacent cortex of the alveolar bone.
Cross-section of a flax plant stem: pithprotoxylemxylemphloemsclerenchyma (bast fibre)cortexepidermis
Diagram of fine scale leaf internal anatomy
Diagram of moderate scale leaf anatomy
Diagram of tooth anatomy
Radiograph of lower right (from left to right) third, second, and first molars in different stages of development
Panoramic x-ray radiography of the teeth of a 64-year-old male. Dental work performed mostly in UK/Europe in last half of 20th Century
A permanent maxillary central incisor
Stoma in a tomato leaf (microscope image)

Key Points

  • The dermal tissue is the tougher outside, the vascular bundles are seen as small circles scattered in the outer portion of the stem, and ground tissue makes up the rest.
  • Xylem elements, except for the parenchyma, are rich in lignin and are main components of wood.
  • The four types of phloem cells are: sieve tube cells , companion cells, fibers (the only dead cells in phloem), and parenchyma.
  • The epidermis (from the Greek ἐπιδερμίς, meaning "over-skin") is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants.
  • The cells that the cork cambium produces, as well as the secondary phloem cells, are continually being compressed by expansion from within; these tissues are also being split apart as the trunk's girth increases.
  • Periderm As the new cells produced from the vascular cambium expand, the strength of the sec­ ondary xylem is enough to prevent the older xylem to the inside from being crushed.

Terms

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